Rural Poverty
Jimmy Lombardo
English 102- 041W
December 10, 2012
Monday, December 10, 2012
Poverty exists both locally as well as globally. Through research, this Blog will show the reality of poverty worldwide. This blog will provide suggestions for possible solutions to ending poverty, reasons why poverty exists, as well as give scholarly sources to support the arguments being made. This blog will provide documentation to support the fact that aid alone will not end poverty. The focus needs to begin with ending poverty in rural areas. We need to provide good paying jobs for those in extreme poverty. The way to do this through proper education and creation of businesses.
Poverty in Idaho
Jimmy Lombardo
Leslie Jewkes
English 102
1 October 2012
Poverty in Idaho
Poverty has always been an issue in third-world developing countries. Every day one can read articles in magazines and newspapers about the starving kids and people in Africa. Americans are also bombarded with infomercials with headlines of “stars” raising money, adopting children and making the public aware of the issue in these poverty stricken countries. Sadly, what goes unrecognized is the rising issues of poverty right here in the United States, and yes, even in Idaho. Since the mid 2000’s, the poverty rate in Idaho has been on a steady incline, reaching up to around 17 percent. The question always ends up, how do we end poverty? Providing people with an opportunity to prosper should produce a better outcome than just providing a handout. What programs are in place to educate people how to succeed, how to prosper, and how to survive? If poverty is something we are born into, how do we educate our youth and teach them to strive for more?
Poverty is all around us. It lives in the biggest cities in the country and in the smallest towns on the map. The one place poverty seems to be inevitable is in rural areas. Idaho is amongst those states considered Rural. According to Alemayehu Bishaw of the United States census bureau, “the 2011 ACS reported about 48.5 million people or 15.9 percent of the U.S. population had income below their respective poverty level” (2). “In Idaho, the poverty rate is 16.5 percent, almost three quarters of a percent higher than the national average” (1). The reason for poverty being higher in Idaho and in rural areas in general is because of the lack of opportunity. In most rural areas, there are not large corporations, there are not businesses on every street; rather there are hardly any businesses except for mom and pop stores, and trade work, such as construction, landscaping, and farming. These types of jobs typically pay around the minimum wage scale for the employees.
In Idaho, farming has always been a huge part of the economy. Due to many technological changes, the role of the typical farmer is not what it used to be. As stated by Micheal Grunwald, “Only 2% of our farms are corporate-owned--but they also have to be land managers, soil scientists, hydrologists, veterinarians, mechanics, commodity traders, exterminators, meteorologists and highly sophisticated businessmen” (par. 18). With this mind set, the “old timers” are being pushed out and eaten up by the large corporations. This only adds to the already growing poverty in rural areas. These are the hard working Americans and Idahoans that live below the poverty line and are required to either work multiple jobs or collect food stamps to feed their families and buy shoes for their kids to wear to school. Children raised in these environments learn this to be a way of life at an early age.
In Idaho, the amount of people required to use food stamps has been on a steady incline. According to Betsy Russell of the Idaho Spokesman, “just 95,433 Idahoans received the federally funded benefit that helps pay for food for low-income people. But the numbers have exploded; in fiscal year 2011, 223,730 people got food stamps in Idaho, and the projection for the current year is 237,874” (par. 8).
Some might argue during the last five years, Idaho has seen an influx of large corporations setting up headquarters in the treasure valley, creating new potential for higher paying jobs, yet the poverty rate has continued to increase. According to a survey by Jon Bruner from Forbs Magazine, “Idaho, Texas, Oklahoma and Utah have the friendliest business environments in the United States” (1). Unfortunately, most of the resident Idahoans lack the qualifications through education to be eligible for these positions. According to Go-On-Idaho.ORG, “Idaho is in the bottom 10 states for its people going on and finishing a 4-year college degree.” (Go-On-Idaho.ORG) The lack of an educated work force is forcing the companies to seek qualified employees from other states. To further show the issue of the gap with the local employee candidate pool, Gosia Wozniacka points out, "We have an issue of skills mismatch…Companies may be offering jobs, but the skills of people in the valley are not ones they are looking for" (par. 13).
Poverty is determined by the amount of income for a family or individual. The poverty does not magically disappear with more government aid such as food stamps and social security. Government aid is very helpful and required for the survival for those living below poverty line, but it does not eliminate poverty. One key to ending economic poverty in Idaho and other rural areas is through education.
Poverty goes beyond one’s economic status and affects the quality of the lifestyle they lead. People who live in poverty are often linked to malnutrition, poor health, and low education. What is mal nutrition?
“Malnutrition is responsible for much of the suffering of the peoples of the world. At least one-fifth of the worldwide loss of years of life to death and to disability is due to undernutrition. When more speculative estimates are made of the contributions of diet-related chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension and the various components of under nutrition, some commentators place one half of global suffering at the door of malnutrition” (1, Haddad).
So, how does Idaho measure up in the category of nutrition? According to an article provided by the Idaho Food Bank, “The USDA has ranked Idaho the 29th hungriest state” (Idaho food bank).
There are many government programs available to help those living at poverty levels. One of the largest government subsidies for low income families is food stamps, which is funded by the United States Farm Bill. According to Scott Neuman with Time Magazine, “the largest chunk of the farm bill in dollar terms is directed to the Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (SNAP), commonly known as the food stamp program” (3). With food stamps and government assistance available for those in need, why is mal nutrition still so prevalent? According to Michael Grunwald with Time Magazine, “health advocates ask why the most fattening calories on our grocery shelves are the most subsidized. During an unprecedented obesity epidemic, why not support fruits and vegetables instead of cattle and poultry feed” (Par. 29)? There seems to be a strong disconnect between government aid contributing to supplemental nutrition and the growing issue of mal nutrition. Although the farm aid bill does a lot of good for the community, for example, food stamps. It is slightly disproportionate in the manner that it allocates it’s subsidies to primarily large corporations, which do not always have the best interest of the people in mind. As Michael Grunwald strongly states:
“In reality, the top 10% of subsidized farmers collect nearly three-quarters of the subsidies, for an average of almost $35,000 per year. The bottom 80% average just $700. That's worth repeating: most farmers, especially the small farmers whose steadfast family values and precarious family finances are invoked to justify the programs, get little or nothing.”(par. 7)
The nutritional welfare of the people does not seem to be the focus of the farm aid bill supporters. To “subsidize” the “subsidies” great organizations have been formed to educate and provide assistants to the local nutritional needs of Idaho’s residence. One of these organizations is the Star Outreach. This outreach provides charitable donations and events for the community, such as adopt a family, food banks, school supply drives, and an educational community gardening program. “One of the goals for Star Outreach is to provide fresh food for the community … Children from our community will learn to plant, care for and be nourished from a garden” (Star Outreach).
Poverty is prevalent all over the world, all over the United States, and Idaho is no exception. You must teach children at a young age the importance of growing food that is sustainable and nutritional and provide an educational foundation that encourages and enriches their growth into the future to ensure their movement away from a poverty stricken life. Together, the community needs to take an active approach, starting in elementary school to teach all students a sustainable life outside of poverty through school gardens and nutritional lunches. To do this, communities need to stand together, acknowledge the fact that poverty does exist in the areas in which they live even when it may not affect them directly. This is not a problem that one person or one family should face alone. The governmental programs available to those in immediate need are not in place to promote a change but rather to promote a life that is cycle that is repeated. Education needs to be a focus amongst those with small children and those without; if you give opportunity to those who otherwise thought it wasn’t available they can break the cycle and barriers to move out of poverty and hunger. What if the small towns across Idaho from Post Falls, Idaho all the way to Idaho Falls, Idaho all had community gardens to teach you a way of sustainable and a healthy food source through hands on learning. Or resource centers available to those enroll in college or return to high school to finish a GED or Diploma? With small changes the future for all of Idaho will become brighter.
The chart below is the poverty levels of Idaho per county
The chart below is the poverty levels of Idaho per county
Data provided by USDA
Works Cited
Bishaw, Alemayehu. "Poverty: 2009 and 2010." U.S. Census Bureau. 2011.
Bruner, Jon. "Americas Friendliest Places for Starting a Buisiness." Forbs Magazine 15 June 2012.
community-garden. Staroutreachonline.com. 2012. 25 September 2012.
Go-On-Idaho.org/know-the-stats.php. 2012. 25 September 2012.
Grunwald, Michael. "Down on the Farm." Time Magazine 12 November 2007.
Hadded, Lawrence. "Nutrition and Poverty." In nutrition: A foundation fro development (2002). acc/scn.
Idahofoodbank.org. n.d. 25 september 2012.
Messick, Molly. "Idaho's Poverty rate continues its rise." Census Bureau. 2012.
Neuman, Scott. "Why teh farm bill's precision will matter to you." Time magazine 13 June 2012.
Russell, Betsy Z. "Idaho grocers plead for remedy after $1M in spoiled food." The Spokesman Review 16 January 2012. newspaper.
Wozniacka, Gosia. "Calif. Central Valley Cities among poorest in US." Associated Press Fresno 20 September 2012. newspaper.
Imagine
Imagine
by: Jimmy Lombardo
Imagine
Children starving on the streets
Imagine
Not having shoes on your feet.
Imagine
Waking up in the morning with no Christmas treats
Imagine
Letter of inquiry to Star outreach, Community Garden
Subject: Star outreach Community Garden
Date: September 30, 2012
To whom it may concern:
My name is James Lombardo. I am doing a project for a English class at The College of Western Idaho. I chose to do my project poverty in Idaho. I am writing you today to see if I may obtain some information in regards to the Community Garden.
Some information I am looking for is as follows:
· How many years has the community garden been in progress?
· Over the years, have the participants proven to eat healthier from their gained knowledge?
· In your opinion, does the knowledge of being able to grow your own food help those on a low income?
· Is there statistical evidence that this community program or others like it have a similar impact on low income families compared to high income families?
Thank you for your time. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns, please e-mail or call me.
Jimmy Lombardo
Phone: ***-***-****
E-mail: jimmylombardo@mycwi.cc
Letter of Inquiry to Poverty Program
Subject: Poverty Program
http://www.povertyprogram.com
Date: November 17, 2012
To whom it may concern:
My name is James Lombardo. I am doing a project for a English class at The College of Western Idaho. I chose to do my project poverty in Idaho. I am writing you today to see if I may obtain some information in regards to the Poverty program.
Some information I am looking for is as follows:
· When people donate money to your foundation, how much of the money goes to immediate care such as food and healthcare? How much goes to programs such as education and work programs?
· In your opinion, is money that goes to immediate care as important, less important, or as important as money for education and work programs?
· In efforts to end poverty, is it safe to say sending money is not enough?
· Those in poverty have to want to help themselves in order for aid to be effective in ending poverty, Agree or disagree?
· Is there a system for separating those who want to better themselves and those just want the aid given to them?
Thank you for your time. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns, please e-mail or call me.
Jimmy Lombardo
Phone: ***-***-****
E-mail: jimmylombardo@mycwi.cc
Analysis of Slumdog Millionaire
Jimmy Lombardo
322410
English 102- 041W
Leslie Jewkes
12 November 2012
Slumdog Millionaire Analysis
The movie “Slumdog Millionaire” (Boyle, 2008) was produced in 2008 by producer Christian Colson and Director Danny Boyle. The movie in quick summary is about an 18 year old boy named Jamal who is on an Indian version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire. Jamal grew up in the slums in the middle of Mumbai, India. Mumbai is a poverty stricken village, and Jamal is no exception. Jamal goes on to answer all of the questions with not much effort, leading him to be arrested on suspicions of cheating his way through the game show. In defending himself during his brutal interrogation and giving explanations of how he knew the answers, Jamal goes into details of his childhood in the slums and how the questions relate to his life and how he came about knowing the answers. After the explanations are given, the investigator believes him and he is free to finish the game. At the end, he answers the last question correct and wins 20 million rupees.
The message being delivered by producer Christian Colson is a controversy between a poverty stricken child, growing up in the slums of Mumbai and given the chance at becoming one of the richest men in the area. Because Jamal is an uneducated boy from the slums, he is automatically convicted of cheating when he knows the answers. Through the interrogation, Jamal paints a vivid picture of the “behind the scenes views” of growing up in a third world poverty stricken village in the slums. The picture of rummaging through trash in the landfills, trying to find anything salvageable to wear, sell, or use at all. According to Martin Medina, “the World Bank estimates that 1% of the world’s population, or fifteen million people, earn their livelihood from these activities” (7).At one point, Jamal even wades through a sewage swamp in efforts to get an autograph from a famous movie star. Jamal shows the truth about how children and women are taken advantage of, how the entire villages are controlled by gangsters and drug lords, how kids are forced to steel to survive, the lack of education available for children and the way the police turn their heads because they are also controlled by the gangsters. Christian Colson also does a great job of showing the different possible outcomes of children growing up in the slums. He shows the likelihood of women doing vulnerable jobs, and the men turning the life of violence.
According to the Global Poverty Info Bank, “We live in a world in which women living in poverty face gross inequalities and injustice from birth to death. From poor education to poor nutrition to vulnerable and low pay employment”(1). Early in the movie, Slumdog Millionaire, Jamal, his brother Salim, and their friend Latika are placed into an orphanage, maybe better considered a child labor camp, where they are forced to steal, beg, and deceive people for money. These actions are prevalent in low income, slums and ghettos throughout the world. In the movie, Slumdog Millionaire, Jamal and Salim become orphaned while a religious revolt breaks out and their mother is killed. Jamal and Salim wind up sleeping in the streets and stealing to eat and survive. The three characters Jamal, Salim, and Latika end up working for the gangsters running the town. Latika ends up being a dancer and will eventually end up in prostitution. According to an article by Antananarivo, “The number of registered sex workers in the city of about 200,000 residents has climbed from 17,000 in 1993 to 29,000 in 2012. The increase has been driven by rising poverty levels” (par. 1)
When these characters are grown up, Jamal, Salim, and Latika take different paths of life. Christian Colson uses this opportunity in the movie to show the paths often taken by those who grow up in poverty. Salim ends up working as a gun man and strong arm for the town gangster, Javed Khan. Latika ends up married to the Javed Khan. As a scene between Jamal and his brother Salim is played out in Boyles Slumdog Millionaire, “Javed Khan... the gangster from our slum? You work for him? Come on, who else do you think would save us from Maman's guys, huh?” (Boyle) Jamal ends up leaving the slums and going to work at a call center, changing his life around completely. A rarity for those growing up with the life Jamal had, however; possible. As stated earlier, the three outcomes of these three characters depicts the common life expectencies of those who grow up in poverty. Often times children who grow up in poverty will wind up in these situations. Women are often taken advantage of and forced to work vulnerable jobs. Men like Salim, will end up stealing, killing, and working for gangsters because it is often the only hope of getting out of the lifestyle of a “slumdog”. This movie also shows an outcome rare but possible. Jamal leaves the slums and ends up working for a call center. Christian Colson does not take the time to show how Jamal ends up with this career path; however, he does show a rare but possible situation.
Works Cited
Antananarivo. "Madagascar: Sex for Survival." IRIN news 28 Aug. 20112. newspaper.
Slumdog Millionaire. Dir. Danny Boyle. Perf. jamal, Latika Salim. 2008. DVD.
unknown. The Global Poverty Project. n.d. foundation. 28 Oct. 2012.
Medina, Martin. The World’s Scavengers: Salvaging for Sustainable Consumption and Production. 2007. Lanham, MD. Altamira Press.
Rural Poverty
Jimmy Lombardo
Leslie Jewkes
English 102
December 10, 2012
Rural Poverty
“Today 1.2 billion people live in ‘extreme’ poverty…The great majority – 75% – work and live in rural areas” (Rahman and Westley). With the vast majority of those living in poverty residing in rural areas such as Sub Sahara Africa, the answer for reducing and eliminating world poverty becomes obvious; one has to start with the rural populations. With that in mind, the question which needs to be addressed is; how does one reduce poverty in rural areas? Poverty can be eliminated in rural areas by providing education and the tools necessary for those communities to become self sufficient. This approach is far more beneficial that just simply providing money or food.
One of the most common solutions to helping those in poverty is to give donations. Giving donations in an easy thing to do, in fact most businesses such as grocery stores, gas stations, local coffee bars, etc., make it very convenient to add money to your purchase strictly for donating to those in poverty. Does providing aid to countries in efforts to eradicate poverty help? This is an often debated question. According to Moyo in her book Dead Aid,
More than one trillion dollars that in the past 50 years have been transferred as development assistance from rich countries to Africa have not improved the standard of living of its inhabitants. Actually, Aid has helped make the poor poorer, and growth slower (XIX).
If sending money does not help, then how can one really help? One might argue that sending money does in fact help, and most would agree. Providing aid gives immediate relief to those in need. Without this aid, those in hunger would probably not get the one meal a day they receive. The arguable point is, the efforts of giving need, needs to be re-directed. The best way to end poverty is provide an education system, provide a helthcare system, and provide a way for those in need to become self sufficient.
Most of the areas living in mass poverty have the potential to thrive and prosper. The missing ingredient is the knowledge and ability to make the first step. According to Sara Morgan with the IFDA, “With good soils, plentiful rain and water available for dry season cultivation, Guinea’s productive potential is enormous. Maize, oil palm, onions, potatoes, rice and rubber are just a few of the agricultural products that can be grown in abundance” (1). Based on this information, one would expect Guinea to be a fairly prosperous region of Africa. Surprisingly, according to the world bank, “Guinea’s poverty rate is 76.8%” (1) If Guinea has the potential to produce so much valuable products, why is their poverty rate so high? Sara Morgan suggests, “They lack credit to buy quality seeds, fertilizer and other inputs, while limited basic infrastructure makes storage, transport and processing costly and difficult” (1). According to Glenn Hubbard and William Duggan, “…to bring people out of poverty, the other type of aid, the one for development, must be directed toward the building up and strengthening of the business sector. Only business can help countries move from mass poverty to mass prosperity” (259).
The way to eliminate world poverty is to start in rural areas. The first step would be to produce a system to educate these rural communities and teach them to be self sufficient. This will require both the co-operation of the local governments and the involvement of wealthy corporations. Providing financial aid and food supplies is beneficial for short term relief but in no way should be relied on as the end all solution. The long term solution to end poverty is through education, economic growth, and creation of businesses. This argument is strongly made by the comments of Atiqur Rahman and John Westley ,
the only way to achieve the target of halving poverty by 2015 and reaching other development goals as set out in the millennium declaration is to focus on rural poverty reduction, to reverse the decline in the flow of resources to the rural and agricultural areas and to ensure that the institutions in the rural areas are developed to increase the capabilities of the poor to help themselves (p. 554).
Today, poverty is prevalent all over the world, especially in rural areas. “Today 1.2 billion people live in ‘extreme’ poverty and the great majority – 75% – work and live in rural areas” (Rahman and Westley). As a quick fix to reduce the pain and suffering caused by poverty, aid and donations are very helpful and those who contribute must continue to do so. Yet, as pointed out, the way to permanently reduce and eliminate poverty is to first focus on developing rural areas. The problem with providing aid, as has seen through research is aid does not create a better long term living environment, and aid does not provide a long term solution . The way to end poverty is to rally local governments, non-profit organizations and large wealthy corporations together to provide and create viable long term solutions in rural areas. These opportunities would provide a way for those to grow produce, create a system of storing and purchasing seeds, and a method of marketing and outsourcing those goods. This approach would provide good paying jobs, a sustainable source of food and improved working conditions. This will eventually provide hope to those living a poverty stricken life.
Works Cited
Bank, World. Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population). 2006. Data. 18 November 2012.
Hubbard, Glenn and William Duggan. The Aid Trap: Hard Truths about Ending Poverty. New york: Columbia Business School Publishing, 2009. Book.
Kouakou, Sara. "Stories From the Field." n.d. Rural Poverty Portal. document. 18 November 2012.
Moyo, Dambisa. Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and HowThere Is a Better Way For Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2009. Book.
Rahman, Atiqur and John Westley. "The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty." Rural Poverty Report (2001).
unknown. The Global Poverty Project. n.d. foundation. 28 Oct. 2012.
Reflection of English 102
Jimmy Lombardo
Leslie Jewkes
English 102
December 10, 2012
Leslie Jewkes
English 102
December 10, 2012
Reflection of English 102
Writing is intended to be fun, educational, factual, un-factual, whatever the writer is trying to portray. In English 102, one has gained knowledge and experience in learning how to write a good paper through research. The way to get your story across is to take your experience and information, and make it interesting. According to Jerald Walker, “One thing I constantly urge my creative writing students to do is to lay off the metaphors. Go easy on morals, lessons, and “points”-it’s the reader’s job to worry about those. Your job is simply to try to tell a good story”(254). This quote by Walker is one of the memorable points in English 102 that will make its way through life with me. This semester in English 102, our goal was to learn how to write an informational argumentative paper about a particular topic that is otherwise dry, sad, and emotional. While writing about these topics, one had to maintain a way of telling a story to keep a reader attached, while keeping it factual and arguing a point. The theme around our project was the millennium development goals, set out by the United Nations. Within the goals, I focused on the eradication and ending of extreme poverty and hunger.
Throughout the course of English 102, we wrote three main essays, including a local argumentative essay, a film analysis essay, and a global argumentative essay. All three papers were to be involved with and pertain to our theme of millennium development goals, particularly for me, eradication and ending of extreme poverty and hunger.
In my first paper involving poverty locally, I looked at the cause and ways to end poverty right here in Idaho. I explored reasons behind why poverty in Idaho is relatively high, such as reasons like under educated work force, not a lot of high paying jobs, and the good paying jobs present, typically are forced to higher from out of the area, because of the under educated work force. I explored programs in place to help move from an under educated work force to a qualified work force such as go-on-Idaho.gov. In this essay, I talked about ways to educate our youth to learn how to grow their own food, learn how to nutrition themselves through proper eating and cooking.
Our next paper we worked on in English 102 was our film analysis paper. I chose to analyze Slumdog Millionaire. In this essay, I explored the ways the director told a story of a boy’s life who grew up in a poverty stricken village in Mumbai, India. Director Danny Boyle took an opportunity to make an entertaining movie with an unrealistic twist in an efforts to show the reality of what life is like for the less fortunate such as those seen in his movie Slumdog Millionaire. This essay gave a great opportunity to write an entertaining essay while discussing a topic which is for some, “better left unmentioned”.
The last essay we wrote in English 102 was an argumentative essay involving poverty at a global level. Poverty is not an issue that can be debated. It exists whether you like it or not. Most chose to ignore it, to make it go away. What is debatable about poverty is why it exists, and how to move poverty to extinction. In my essay, I chose to argue a point, “Poverty can be eliminated in rural areas by providing education and the tools necessary for those communities to become self sufficient” (Lombardo).
English 102 has provided me with the ability to change a boring plain text essay into something interesting to read; provided a way to write an argumentative essay on a touchy subject such as poverty, without forcing the readers into a coma. The way to obtain this success is through telling a story. The way to fulfill this is by using your rhetorical voice instead of writing words onto a piece of paper. Scott Russell Sanders says, “the essay is a haven for the private idiosyncratic voice in an era of anonymous babble” (798). What Sanders is saying here is, the way to writing an interesting essay is by not saying what is already been said over and over again. This experience and knowledge of writing styles gained through English 102 will prove to be ever useful in future classes as well as a professional career in business. The knowledge of getting your point across without sounding like a blabbering duck, while keeping the information interesting would make any boring budget meeting more pleasurable.
Works Cited
McQuade, Donald and Robert Atwan. The Writer's Presence: A Pool of Readings. Boston, New YorkBedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Textbook.
Bibliography
Bibliography
Bishaw, Alemayehu. "Poverty: 2009 and 2010." U.S. Census Bureau. 2011.
Bruner, Jon. "Americas Friendliest Places for Starting a Buisiness." Forbs Magazine 15 June 2012.
community-garden. Staroutreachonline.com. 2012. 25 September 2012.
Duggan, William and Hubbard, Glenn R. “The Aid Trap:Hard Truths about Ending Poverty.” New York.Columbia Business School Publishing. 2009
Go-On-Idaho.org/know-the-stats.php. 2012. 25 September 2012.
Grunwald, Michael. "Down on the Farm." Time Magazine 12 November 2007.
Hadded, Lawrence. "Nutrition and Poverty." In nutrition: A foundation fro development (2002). acc/scn.
Idahofoodbank.org. n.d. 25 september 2012.
Messick, Molly. "Idaho's Poverty rate continues its rise." Census Bureau. 2012.
Neuman, Scott. "Why teh farm bill's precision will matter to you." Time magazine 13 June 2012.
Rahman, Atiqur and Westley, John. “The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty.” Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001
Russell, Betsy Z. "Idaho grocers plead for remedy after $1M in spoiled food." The Spokesman Review 16 January 2012. newspaper.
Wozniacka, Gosia. "Calif. Central Valley Cities among poorest in US." Associated Press Fresno 20 September 2012. newspaper.
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